MAPK3 and osteosarcoma: For example, as stated earlier, the presence of pyruvate reduced SaOS-2 human osteosarcoma cell cytotoxicity to PAM by phosphorylation of ERK1/2, GSK3β, AMPK, and c-JUN and HSP60 dephosphorylation, which was primarily attributed to pyruvate scavenging H2O2 [109].