Notably, the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP)–associated factor 1 (XAF1) identified herein is an interferon-stimulated gene (such as ISG15, also identified in our study) that acts as a positive regulated of innate immunity and specifically anti-RNA responses [66]; Notably, in deficient nonsense-mediated decay processes and leakage of intrinsic nucleic acids may simulate viral infection by stimulating these nucleic acid surveillance systems and result in microgliosis and IFN-I upregulation, as previously shown [63,67]. Here, ISG15 is linked to viral infectious disease.