VEGFA and glioblastoma: Previous studies have demonstrated significantly elevated levels of specific inflammatory markers, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), in the bloodstream of individuals diagnosed with glioblastoma compared to a control group comprising healthy individuals (Feng et al., 2019; Linhares et al., 2020).