ACE and heart failure: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) are fundamental in cardiologic practice, serving as a primary therapeutic approach for hypertension management and cardiac remodeling in patients with conditions such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease (Pfeffer et al., 1992; Randomized placebo-controlled trial of effect of ramipril on decline in glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and risk of terminal renal failure in proteinuric, non-diabetic nephropathy; The GISEN Group (Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia), 1997).