ACE and acute kidney injury: Historical studies indicated increased postoperative AKI and mortality (Miceli et al., 2009; Bandeali et al., 2012; Yacoub et al., 2013), prompting guidelines from bodies like the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), with the support of the meta-analysis of Zhang and Ma (Zhang and Ma, 2015), to recommend withholding ACE inhibitors before cardiac surgery in 2017 (Sousa-Uva et al., 2018).