MTOR and chronic cystitis: Liu et al. (2020) showed that Cyclo increases LC3II/LC3I ratio and downregulates SQSTM1/p62 gene expression in the urinary bladder of the cystitis mouse model. Wang et al. (2017) showed that amplified Akt phosphorylation and mTOR led to a reduction in apoptosis levels but augmented the LC3II/LC3I ratio and number of cells experiencing autophagy.