This has given rise to the notion that under certain conditions, e.g., in psoriasis patients, tolerance to self-DNA and -RNA can be ‘accidentally’ broken by LL37 (Lande et al, 2015) involving the nucleic acid-sensing Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7, TLR8 (ssRNA) and TLR9 (DNA) in humans, and Tlr7, Tlr13 and Tlr9 in mice (Eigenbrod and Dalpke, 2015; Lind et al, 2022). This evidence concerns the gene TLR9 and psoriasis.