Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA)68 using KEGG and MSigDB Hallmark pathway databases revealed that the top up-regulated pathways in MYC amplified tumors were represented by processes that promote tumor growth, metastasis, and chemoresistance such as hypoxia, protein metabolism, glycolysis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, WNT (which has been shown to transcriptionally activate MYC expression)69, NOTCH, mTORC1, Hedgehog, Hippo and IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signaling (Fig. 3b, Supplementary Data 5). Here, STAT3 is linked to neoplasm.