Nevertheless, we confirmed that several of the aforementioned tumour-specific L–Rs colocalized significantly more in tumour than in background sections, including NRP1-VEGFA and the ICIs NECTIN2-TIGIT, LGALS9-HAVCR2, and CD96-NECTIN1 (Fig. 3C–E and Supplementary Data 15). Here, NRP1 is linked to neoplasm.