CTLA4 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Lobectomy (i.e., the anatomical resection of a lung lobe) is currently the gold standard for the treatment of early stages of NSCLC (stage I/II), while patients with unresectable stage III or metastatic stage IV NSCLC are treated with a combination of chemotherapy and neoadjuvant targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) like PD1, PDL1 and CTLA4.