TNF and endothelial dysfunction: PLWH with latent tuberculosis have a higher likelihood of converting to active tuberculosis.275 In a cohort of African adults living with HIV on ART, latent tuberculosis was associated with immune dysregulation and an increase in markers of inflammation (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12p70, IL-15, and IL-17A).276 Some of these markers, such as IL-17A and TNF-α, may promote vascular and endothelial dysfunction, leading to the development and progression of CVD.167,194,280–282