Finally, although our study identifies a mutant p53/GRAIL axis positively influencing the secretion of s-ISG15, which like a cytokine can reprogram the immune microenvironment (52), the exact mechanism of how mutant p53 influences exosome-mediated ISG15 release (54) by tumor cells and amplifies oncogenic signal remains unclear. Here, RNF128 is linked to neoplasm.