In addition, the promoter regions of Carboxylesterase 1 (CES1), alpha-2-macroglobulin like 1 (A2ML1) and Solute Carrier Family 39 Member 5 (SLC39A5) were significantly hypermethylated in celiac disease (Fig. 3A, Supplementary data 2). Here, CES1 is linked to celiac disease.