Limitation: We speculate that the observed decline in IL-38 expression in late-stage patients may be attributed to two factors: First, Relative limited sample size, necessitating further expansion for confirmation, especially in advanced prostate cancer patients; second, late-stage patients often exhibit cellular necrosis and apoptosis in tumour tissues, which may affect IL-38 secretion, leading to a downward trend in IL-38 expression. Here, IL1F10 is linked to prostate cancer.