TGFB1 and neoplasm: In addition to providing direct support to tumors, MSCs also possess a diverse range of immunomodulatory properties that can alter the local tissue microenvironment through direct cellular interaction or secretion of various immune-related molecules including transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), stem cell growth factor (SCF), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), thereby facilitating tumor immune evasion and progression (7, 8).