However, due to modest sample sizes, differences versus placebo did not reach statistical significance in most studies. In mouse models, the bacterium Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, belonging to the Firmicutes phylum, exhibits notable anti-inflammatory effects by secreting metabolites that diminish inflammatory cytokine (i.e., interleukin (IL)-1 β, IL-12, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production, thereby preventing active colitis [45]. Here, IFNG is linked to colitis.