TLR4 and Insulin resistance: Studies on the physiological and pathological role of NF-κβ/TLR-4 and SERCA/Ca2+ pathways are limited; some preliminary results have indicated that over-expression of NF-κβ/TLR-4 and SERCA/Ca2+ pathways causes hyperphagia in fruit flies which subsequently causes reduced thermogenesis and increases lipogenesis which culminates into obesity and reduced insulin resistance [19].