Interestingly but not surprisingly, the indicators of DNA damage (γ-H2A.X) varied little as presented in Fig. 2F. At the same time, the IHC assay showed that stronger expression of NRAS, p-ERK1/2, and Cdc25a was observed in lung cancer tissues compared with in normal lungs (Fig. 2G). Here, MAPK3 is linked to lung cancer.