Interestingly, under the condition of inhibited glycolysis with 2-DG, overexpression of PFKFB3 still suppressed PA-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis, which indicates that PFKFB3 overexpression can alleviate DCM independent of glycolysis (Fig. S5D–S5G). This evidence concerns the gene PFKFB3 and familial dilated cardiomyopathy.