CCL2 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Numerous studies have revealed that an HFD is connected to a host of chronic diseases that originate from cellular senescence.64,65 For example, research has revealed that an HFD can cause renal tubular cells to become senescent and secrete proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL1α, TNF-α and MCP-1, resulting in renal fibrosis and impaired renal function.66 In addition, Chen et al.36 suggested that the senescence of hepatocytes caused by an HFD is a major factor in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).