To screen for potential intercellular mediators of the observed changes, we extracted overlapping cytokines from the three conditions (IHD, IHF, NIHF) and d-flow endothelial cells using Upstream Regulator analysis of IPA (Figure 3G), and found several cytokines that were measured from the patient serum, such as TNF, which was more abundant in HF patient samples compared to controls, interferon (IFN) γ, which was more abundant in controls, and general enrichment of IL-1-related factors (Figure 3D). Here, TNF is linked to hydrops fetalis.