AKT1 and melanoma: We found that dafadine-A did not affect the proliferation of adherent melanoma cells (Fig. 5B), but dramatically inhibited cholesterol-induced melanoma spheroid propagation (Fig. 5C, D), with downregulation of Rap1A/Rap1B expression and phosphorylated AKT1-thr308/309 (Fig. 5E–G).