Since dysregulation of SMOX directly leads to changes in cellular spermine levels and our in vivo study showed that Smox+/− mice had less renal fibrosis compared with wild‐type controls (Figure 4), we therefore sought to determine the effect of SMOX on TGF‐β1‐induced fibrogenesis. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is renal fibrosis.