TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Although GZMK induces the secretion of several pro-inflammatory factors, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α, and secretes proteases that degrade the extracellular matrix and amplify the inflammatory response (63–67), GZMK also reduces mature dendritic cells and antigen presentation to inhibit the body’s immune response (68), which may be an important pathogenetic mechanism of SLE and IBD caused by downregulation of GZMK.