TNF and lung carcinoma: Recent reports indicated that induced oxidative stress caused by PM2.5 exposure was strongly linked to lung cancer 15-18 by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a production from an imbalance of oxidative stress, and is involved in cell signaling proteins (such as Nuclear factor kappa B (NF- κB), Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)), and cytokines (Interleukins (ILs)) that play a role in the development or progression of pulmonary diseases 17,19.