TNF and gastric cancer: S. bovis infection not only advances colorectal cancer by recruiting CD11b+TLR-4+ cells and releasing inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1ß and TNF) (Deng et al., 2020), but also boosts gastric cancer by affecting immune cells (CD3+ T cells and NK cells) in the peripheral blood (Qi et al., 2019; Zi et al., 2022).