VIP and polycystic ovary syndrome: The FF-VIP concentration was significantly higher in women with PCOS compared to controls (p<0.05; FF-VIP in the PCOS population ranged from 88 pg/ml to 183 pg/ml with a mean of 132 ± 28 pg/ml (n = 9) whereas FF-VIP in non PCOS ranged from 62 pg/ml to 138 pg/ml with a mean of 103 ± 26 pg/ml (n=10); Figure 1A).