CD4 and systemic lupus erythematosus: A variety of CD4+ T helper cell (Th cell) subsets, encompassing aberrant activation of Th1, Th2, Th17 lineages along with their respective cytokines, alongside regulatory T cell (Tregs) dysfunction, are intricately linked to the immune-mediated pathogenesis of both SLE and LN (Suárez-Fueyo et al., 2016; Koga et al., 2017; Li et al., 2022).