While tumor PD-L1 expression, mutation burden, or phenotype of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes can identify patient subgroups with or without benefit from ICI treatment, these analyses require tumor tissues acquired by highly invasive tumor biopsies (Herbst et al., 2014; Garon et al., 2015; Rizvi et al., 2015; Thommen et al., 2018; Hummelink et al., 2022). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.