Next, to explore whether NF-κB signaling pathway was involved in UBXN1-regulated mitochondrial homeostasis, we first incubated HCC cells with CCCP, which induced mitochondria damage within 24 h in HCC cells (Fig. 4G), and found that the expression of active form of NF-κB (p65), p-p65, was comparable in HCC cells treated with CCCP for 0–24 h (supplementary Fig. 3E). Here, NFKB1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.