ATR and kidney injury: For instance, Kishi et al. demonstrated that in a mouse model, deletion of ATR, a key regulator of the DNA damage response, specifically in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (RPTECs) led to increased DNA damage, apoptosis, acute kidney injury, and fibrosis following renal insults such as cisplatin treatment, ischemia–reperfusion injury, and unilateral ureteral obstruction30.