TGFB1 and neoplasm: For example, although TGF-β supports tumor growth in established tumors, it suppresses tumor development at the early stages, and abrogation of TGF-β signaling can result in cancerous transformation of healthy tissue.586–588 Besides, debates still exist on its inhibitory effects on Tregs.589,590 Similar to immunostimulatory interleukins, recent drug development efforts for inhibiting TGF-β focus on enabling tissue/cell-specific engagement.