Although vopratelimab plus nivolumab only elicited a total ORR of 2.3%, patients with ICOShigh CD4+ effector T cells had longer PFS and OS than patients without these cells (6.2 vs. 1.9 and 20.7 vs. 9.0, months).306 This finding guided the patient selection for the phase II SELECT study in NSCLC, where the combination of vopratelimab at 0.03 mg/kg with pimivalimab (a PD-1 inhibitor) yielded an ORR of 40% and a 6-month PFS rate of 80%. Here, PDCD1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.