TNF and gestational diabetes: These findings might further help to explain the relationship between breastfeeding and less cardiometabolic outcomes, as low-grade inflammation predicts increased adverse metabolic risk.60 Previous research has shown mixed results regarding longer breastfeeding duration and lower postpartum CRP.20 23 25 26 One study found a significant association between breastfeeding duration and lower CRP in middle-aged women with a history of GDM.26 It is worthy to point out that in our cohort, breastfeeding was not associated with TNF-α or IL-6 at 1 year postpartum.