PTGES and inflammatory bowel disease: This cascade of reactions can cause intestinal barrier breakdown, inflammatory bowel disease, and inflammatory response in intestinal epithelial cells (MacDermott, 1994; Lugo et al., 2007).Among the PGE2 synthases, microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) is upregulated in response to various inflammatory stimuli, and its expression pattern is similar to that of COX-2 (Riendeau et al., 2005).