Increasing evidence has demonstrated that radiation induces an increase in expression of PD-L1 on tumor cells in multiple cancers including colon, head and neck, squamous cell carcinoma, breast cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, prostate cancer, and glioma (Chen et al., 2023b; Ding et al., 2020; Dovedi et al., 2014; Oweida et al., 2017; Wu et al., 2016). Here, CD274 is linked to cancer.