Radiation induces PD-L1 expression in tumor cells via various pathways like DNA damage/ATM/STAT3/IRF3 axis, IFN-γ/JAK/STAT/PD-L1 pathway, cGAS-STING signaling, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/PI3K-AKT cascade, and the HIF-1α signaling (Ding et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2022). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.