MAPK9 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: JNK is found to be elevated in adipocytes of type II diabetic patients,[52] and JNK2 knockout mice have also been reported to show reduced type I diabetes symptoms and insulitis.[36] Moreover, in conjunction with the findings that JNK and JIP1 deficiency resulted in protection against development of obesity, insulin sensitivity is also observed in both knockout mice models.