INS and atherosclerosis: Flores Guerrero et al. (2024) [43] in their study found that TG/HDL and HOMA-IR were independently associated with incident CVD, with the TG/HDL ratio showing a slightly stronger association than HOMA-IR, suggesting that lipoprotein-based markers of IR are strongly linked to subclinical and clinical atherosclerosis development, potentially making the measurement of insulin unnecessary for assessing the impact of IR on atherosclerosis.