IL13 and Hepatic fibrosis: During the chronic infection phase, alternatively activated macrophages (M2 macrophages) are stimulated by IL-13, IL-33, IL-4, and ROS to regulate the expression of Arg1, IL-10, and TGF-β1, which act directly or indirectly on hepatic stellate cells and contribute to α-SMA and collagen production, leading to liver fibrosis (Peng et al., 2017; Tan et al., 2018; Yu et al., 2021).