TNF and Hepatic fibrosis: Mata-Santos et al. found that silymarin (silybin content,47%) reduced the size of liver granulomas and alleviated liver fibrosis by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory and fibrotic factors, including IL-13, IL-4, TNF-α and TGF-β1, and HSC proliferation (Mata-Santos et al., 2010; Mata-Santos et al., 2014; El-Sayed et al., 2016).