NFKB1 and neoplasm: Additionally, CCL2 preferentially binds to CCR2 receptors and initiates a variety of signal transduction pathways (including more classical M1/M2 activation pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT, ERK, JAK-STAT and NF-κB signaling pathways [26]), stimulating cell migration and mediating tumor pathogenesis [27].