MAPK3 and cancer: Elevated levels of ROS activate the cancer cell survival signaling cascade, involving MAPK/ERK1/2, p38, JNK, and PI3K/AKT to activate nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), thereby promoting cancer angiogenesis and metastasis [24].