PKM and Cognitive impairment: Furthermore, H3K18la showed a positive correlation with the production of inflammatory factors.[70] In a study by Pan et al., enhanced H4K12 lactylation in AD model mice and microglia exacerbated the cognitive impairment phenotype via the glycolysis/H4K12la/PKM2 axis.[64] In contrast, H3K18la and H4K12la exhibited different localization and biological functions with distinct downstream targets in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.