TNF and myocardial infarction: MI poses a formidable challenge due to its detrimental impact on cardiac function, primarily attributed to the loss of viable cardiomyocytes.1 Despite ongoing therapeutic explorations, there remains an imperative for effective strategies to enhance myocardial repair and functional recovery.2,4 In this study, we explored the potential therapeutic role of exosomes derived from TNF-α-treated BMSCs in ameliorating MI injury.