TNF and myocardial infarction: The mRNA expression levels of Cd86 and Cd206, markers of M1 and M2 polarization, respectively, in the infarcted area of mice, provided additional support for the enhanced M2 macrophage polarization by exosomes derived from TNF-α-treated BMSCs in the myocardial tissues following myocardial infarction (Figure 5c,d).