Previous clinical studies showed that higher serum GFAP levels in neonatal HIE were associated with lower neurobehavioral scores, if serum GFAP levels were ≥0.15 ng/ml, the brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings will appear in the later stage; the higher serum GFAP levels were associated with higher mortality rates (67). This evidence concerns the gene GFAP and perinatal asphyxia.