in advanced-stage CS, there was a significant decrease in several macrophage and effector T-cell lineage markers (CD3, CD4, CD163), which coincided with significant increases in markers of longer-lasting regulatory T-cell (Treg), memory T-cell and B-cell populations (ICOS, FOXP3, CD45RO, CD127, CD20). The gene discussed is CD4; the disease is Cowden syndrome 1.