To maximize clinical utility as a tool capable of improving the diagnostic yield of tissue sampling in CS, the model was specifically developed using only data from CS ROIs which were ‘granuloma-remote’ and ‘inflammation(−).’ As shown in Fig. 5, after optimization via leave-one-out cross validation, our final 7-variable logistic regression model was comprised of MHC molecule HLADR, Treg markers FOXP3, CD25, and GITR, immunomodulatory checkpoint molecule VISTA, natural-killer cell marker CD56, and global nuclei/cell proliferation marker Histone-H3. Here, TNFRSF18 is linked to Granuloma.