These were sick, decompensated cirrhosis patients who were hospitalized — as such, even those without or with mild kidney dysfunction could have concomitant medical issues that would increase or decrease particular biomarkers (e.g., acute-on-chronic liver failure and NGAL).35 Collectively, each of our analyses—principal component, ANCOVA analyses, and random forests/Lasso regression—demonstrated that aptamer-based proteomics did not significantly identify patients with HRS-AKI as opposed to those with ATN—a finding that suggests that the protein response to HRS-AKI and ATN are similar. The gene discussed is LCN2; the disease is acute kidney injury.