Here, all plasma biomarkers increased significantly in participants with Y-DM from adolescence to young adulthood (p < 0.01 for all): GFAP (n = 41; median [IQR]; 45.8 [32.2, 68.9] pg/mL to 67.5 [47.5, 94.1] pg/mL), NfL (n = 38; 3.8 [3.2, 7.7] pg/mL to 24.8 [18.2, 42.6] pg/mL), pTau181 (n = 35; 2.3 [1.0, 4.3] pg/mL to 12.9 [9.7, 15.3] pg/mL), Aβ40 (n = 41; 57.8 [49.3, 72.7] pg/mL to 69.3 [53.5, 90.9] pg/mL), and Aβ42 (n = 40; 4.7 [3.8, 5.5] pg/mL to 5.5 [3.9, 6.6] pg/mL). The gene discussed is NEFL; the disease is diabetes mellitus.