TNF and cancer: As one of the tumor hallmarks,299 persistent inflammation plays an essential role in a variety of human cancers by manipulating cancer development, angiogenesis, malignant transformation, invasion and migration, immune surveillance, and response to therapy.749,750 Inflammation-related regulators, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), are potential tumor prognostic biomarkers.