One of the mechanisms of up-regulated FYN, which could account for the DMD phenotype is that the Fyn-tyrosine kinase activates the mammalian target of rapamycin 1 (mTORC1) signaling complex, which inhibits macroautophagy and induces marked muscular atrophy [53]. The gene discussed is FYN; the disease is Duchenne muscular dystrophy.