TNF and influenza: However, during influenza pneumonia, ECSparcl1-KO mice exhibited lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines/factors/chemokines, including TNF, IL-6, IFN-γ, CXCL-1, TIMP1, C5a, CXCL-10 and BLC (CXCL-13) (Fig. 2D–F and Supplementary Fig. 3F–H), but a trend toward increased levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 in the BALF on day 12 after influenza infection compared with WT mice (Fig. 2G and H).