CD274 and systemic lupus erythematosus: When using cell membrane biomimetic membrane nanoparticles with high PD-L1 expression (IM-MNPs/DXM, a functional-driven, disease-relevant CD4 T cell-targeted drug carrier), it kills pathogenic CD4 T cells and inhibits the expression of pro-inflammatory factors, reshaping the balance between the effector T cells and Tregs in the microenvironment, thereby alleviating SLE [52].