To address whether the increase of TNFα mediates the MAVS-induced lipid accumulation, we treated primary hepatocytes with adalimumab, a TNFα monoclonal antibody approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.30 We found that TNFα mRNA levels in primary hepatocytes with MAVS overexpression were significantly upregulated (Figure 6H), and indeed, adalimumab blunted MAVS-induced TNFα supernatant levels (Figure 6I). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is rheumatoid arthritis.