The results showed that the epithelial marker gene CDH1 encoding E-cadherin was slightly reduced, and the mesenchymal marker genes CDH2 encoding N-cadherin, VIM encoding vimentin, and SNAI2 encoding Slug were upregulated in EBC-1 CRS by 1.52-, 2.39-, and 3.57-fold compared with the parental cell line (Fig 3F). Here, VIM is linked to congenital rubella syndrome.